Q. What is first aid?
A. It is the first care given to casualties before treatment by medical personnel can be made available.

Q. What publication covers first aid for soldiers?
A. FM 21-11.

Q. What are the ABC's of medical treatment (life-saving steps)?
A.

1. Open the airway and restore breathing.
2. Stop the bleeding.
3. Dress and bandage the wounds to prevent infection.
4. Prevent shock.

Q. Name the two types of rescue breathing (artificial respiration)?
A. Mouth to mouth method, and back pressure-arm lift method.

Q. What is the proper type of artificial respiration used during gas and biological attacks and explain why?
A. The back pressure-arm lift method, because during a chemical or biological attack both of you will be masked.

Q. What measure is used to restore heartbeat?
A. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).

Q. When it is necessary to administer CPR, what is the ratio of breaths to pumps for a one man rescue and a two man rescue?
A. One man - 2 : 15, Two man - 1 : 5.

Q. When may resuscitation measures be discontinued?
A.

1. When a doctor tells you to stop.
2. When you are relieved by others.
3. When you cannot physically continue.
4. When the casualty starts to breathe on his own.

Q. What are the three (3) types of bleeding and how are they recognized?
A.

1. Arterial: Blood is bright red and will spurt with the heart beat.
2. Venous: Blood is dark red and flows in a steady stream.
3. Capillary: Blood oozes from the wound.

Q. How do you stop bleeding?
A.

1. Apply a field dressing.
2. Apply manual pressure.
3. Elevate the injured limb.
4. Apply a pressure dressing.
5. Apply a tourniquet.

Q. What is unique about type 'O' blood?
A. It can universally be donated to anyone.

Q. When would you not remove a casualty's clothing to expose a wound?
A. If the clothing is stuck to the wound or if in a chemical (toxic) environment.

Q. Why should you dress and bandage the wound as soon as possible?
A. To protect the wound from further contamination of germs, as well as to control the bleeding.

Q. Describe manual pressure.
A. Place hand on dressing and exert firm pressure for 5 to 10 minutes.

Q. What should be applied if bleeding continues after applying a field dressing?
A. Pressure dressing.

Q. When should a tourniquet be used to stop bleeding?
A. Only as a last resort when everything else fails or when an arm or leg has been amputated.

Q. Where is a tourniquet applied?
A. Around a limb, between the injury and the heart, 2 to 4 inched above the wound, and never directly on a joint.

Q. How tight should a tourniquet be?
A. Until bright red bleeding has stopped.

Q. To indicate that a casualty has received a tourniquet, what should you do?
A. Mark his/her forehead with a 'T' and note the time of application.

Q. When should you loosen or remove a tourniquet?
A. Never. A tourniquet should only be loosened or removed by a physician.

Q. What are the signs and symptoms of shock?
A. Clammy (cool, pale and damp) skin; restlessness and nervousness; thirst; loss of blood; confusion; fast breathing; nausea or vomiting; blotched or bluish skin (especially around the mouth and lips); often perspires freely, and may pass out.

Q. What is the treatment for shock?
A. Move to cover if possible; lay the casualty on his/her back; elevate the legs; loosen clothing at the neck, waist, or wherever it is binding; prevent chilling or overheating; keep the casualty calm; seek medical assistance.

Q. Should a casualty be given water to drink?
A. No. He should not eat or drink.

Q. When should a casualty not be placed in the shock position?
A. When he/she has a head injury, an abdominal wound or an un-splinted fractured leg(s).

Q. Should a person with a severe head injury be given Morphine?
A. No. It will mask the signs and symptoms that a medical officer must see in order to know what to do for the injured person.

Q. What should you do prior to leaving an unconscious casualty?
A. Turn his/her head to the side to prevent choking should he vomit.

Q. What is the key word in cold weather protection?
A. COLD: Keep it Clean; Avoid Overheating; Wear is Loose and in Layers; Keep it Dry.

Q. What are the four types of wet and cold weather injuries?
A.

1. Frostbite; actual freezing of a body part.
2. Trenchfoot; occurs between 32 and 50 degrees.
3. Immersion foot; occurs above 50 degrees.
4. Hypothermia; lowering of the body temperature.

Q. What is the first indication of frostbite?
A. Skin becomes numb with white particles/patches on it.

Q. How do you treat frostbite?
A. Remove clothing from the injured area, warm with warm water or body heat, dress the area, seek medical assistance immediately.

Q. What is a heat injury?
A. A loss of water and salt, loss of sweat while personnel work in the heat, a general dehydration of the body.

Q. Name the three (3) categories of heat injuries.
A. Heat cramps; heat exhaustion; and heat stroke.

Q. Name the signs and symptoms of heat cramps.
A. Muscle cramps of the abdomen, legs, or arms.

Q. What is the treatment for heat cramps?
A. Move to shade, then loosen clothing and give cool water to drink.

Q. What are the signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion?
A. Headache, excessive sweating, weakness, dizziness, nausea, muscle cramps, pale, moist and cool skin, clammy skin.

Q. What is the treatment for heat exhaustion?
A. Move to a cool area and loosen clothing, have him/her drink at least one canteen full of cool water, elevate legs and monitor. Seek medical assistance if necessary.

Q. What are the signs and symptoms of heat stroke?
A. Casualty stops sweating, skin is dry and hot, fast pulse, headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and mental confusion.

Q. What is the treatment for heat stroke?
A. Immerse in coldest water available or remove clothing and wet entire body while fanning, transport to nearest medical facility.

Q. What are the to basic types of fractures?
A. Open (compound); closed (simple).

Q. What are the signs and symptoms of fractures?
A. Deformity, pain at the site, discoloration.

Q. What should be done to an open fracture first?
A. Stop the bleeding.

Q. What is the basic proven principle in splinting fractures?
A. "Splint them where they lie".

Q. When splinting a fracture, what should be immobilized?
A. The broken bone, above the joint and below the joint.

Q. Should you elevate a fractured leg of a casualty in shock?
A. Yes, after splinting.

Q. When applying a splint, where should the bandages be tied?
A. Tie with knots against the splint.

Q. What should be done with splints to avoid undue pressure to tissue, vessels and nerves?
A. Pad the splints.

Q. How may a casualty's leg be immobilized if a splint is not available?
A. The injured leg may be splinted to the uninjured leg.

Q. Why is a chest wound more dangerous than it appears from visual observation?
A. Because if air bets into the chest cavity, the lungs will collapse. The casualty will die because of his/her inability to breathe.

Q. When should the airtight dressing be applied to a sucking chest wound?
A. As the patient breathes out and holds.

Q. What can be used to form an airtight seal for a sucking chest wound?
A. Plastic wrapper of the dressing.

Q. What should be done with exposed abdominal organs?
A. Wrap them with a dry, clean material, and place on top of abdomen. Do not try to replace.

Q. How should you position a casualty with an open abdominal wound?
A. On his/her back with his knees up to relieve abdominal pressure.

Q. What are the two items in the first aid pouch?
A. One dressing and one sodium-chloride/bicarbonate mixture.

Q. What are the four types of burns?
A. Thermal, electrical, chemical and laser.

Q. When should you not remove clothing from a burn?
A. When clothes are stuck to the wound or in a contaminated area.

Q. What special precautions should be taken prior to applying a dressing to a chemical burn?
A. Remove liquid chemicals by flushing with potable liquids. Remove dry chemicals by carefully brushing them off with a clean, dry cloth. Flush with water is large amounts are available. If not, do not apply water.

Q. May a burn victim drink fluids?
A. Yes, unless he/she is nauseated or in shock.

Q. What is the primary objective in the treatment of severe burns?
A. Lessen or prevent shock and infection.

Q. What is the first step in first aid of a burn victim?
A. Remove the casualty from the source of the burn.

Q. How would you extinguish the clothes of a burn casualty?
A. Cover with a non-synthetic cloth and roll him/her on the ground.

Q. What are the two basic attitudes to remember when casualties arise without the presence of medical personnel?
A. Keep calm and be gentle.

Q. What is the purpose of the "Emergency Treatment Unit" sometimes called the "Phase One Kit"?
A. To treat mass casualties as we can expect in a nuclear war. It provides first aid for 100 men for a 72 hour period.

Q. What are the three categories used in medical evacuation?
A.

1. Urgent: within two (2) hours.
2. Priority: within four (4) hours.
3. Routine: within 24 hours.